This paper provides a cross-sectional study of the fossilized end state L2 English grammar of freshmen and junior university students of English. Results are presented from spontaneous production and grammaticality judgment tasks of two groups of the students, high-level (24) and low-level (19), concentrating on the use of 3rd person simple present marker (-s), past tense marker (-ed) and pronominal case assignment. Data showed that despite low rate of suppliance of 3rd person simple present tense marker (-s) just in spontaneous task, students' suppliance of past tense marker (-ed) and pronominal case assignment is about perfect at both levels and tasks. Syntactic correlates (such as case assignment and presence of overt subject) were completely accurate, suggesting no underlying impairment to functional categories or features. There is some evidence from the L1, which has the person and number features of the subject marked by verbal agreement but usually lacks the third person singular in production task.

This paper studies the errors produced by Azari-Turkish/Persian bilinguals using the INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES of Persian verb, on the basis of 4-M model. The data were collected from 50 primary bilingual students’ writings in Meshkinshahr villages. The INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES of Persian verb were classified in two types: early system MORPHEMES (negative, causative, imperative and passive MORPHEMES) and late outside system MORPHEMES (person/number, tense, aspect, subjunctive MORPHEMES) according to 4-M model. The data Analysis indicates the late outside system MORPHEMES of Persian verb are acquired harder and later than its early system MORPHEMES by bilingual students. It seems there is a relation between different morpheme nature and their ACQUISITION order. Late outside system MORPHEMES are activated later in the production process as required by the grammatical frame of the target language. While early system MORPHEMES are indirectly elected at the same time that content MORPHEMES are directly elected by the speaker’ s intentions. The results match Wei (2000) explanation of different morpheme ACQUISITION order based on 4-M model.

The aim of this paper is to study the ACQUISITION of Persian homonymous bound MORPHEMES by Azerbaijani-Persian bilinguals based on 4-M model. The errors of the homonymous bound morpheme usage were collected from the writing sheets of 60 primary students (boys and girls) in Arshag villages that have located in Ardabil province. The research method is descriptive-analytic. First, Persian homonymous bound MORPHEMES were classified into: content MORPHEMES (verb root), early system MORPHEMES (possessive clitic, indefinite clitic and-i as a derivational morpheme) and late outside system morpheme (first and second person singular MORPHEMES of verb) according to 4-M model. Then the frequency and percentage of the grade fourth and fifth students’ errors in using of homonymous bound MORPHEMES were determined to be analyzed according to 4-M model. The data analysis results showed that the fifth grade students’ errors are lower than the fourth grade students’ ones in using Persian homonymous bound MORPHEMES. It can also be said that as the students proceed to higher grades and their language competence develop, their correct usage of MORPHEMES gets higher. The high frequency of the both group students’ errors in using of the first and second person singular MORPHEMES of verb than their homonymous bound MORPHEMES (possessive clitic, indefinite clitic and-i as a derivational morpheme) shows that the first and second person singular MORPHEMES of verb are acquired harder and later. The MORPHEMES indicating grammatical relationship and selected later in the production process are learned later than MORPHEMES that are more meaningful and selected at conceptual level. It seems there is a relation between different morpheme nature and their ACQUISITION order according to morpheme classification due to 4-M model. So this paper results are in line with the previous studies (Wei, 2000 and … ) indicating 4-M model efficiency in explaining of L2 morpheme acquiring order.

The Persian language is agglutinative, not inflecting. However, in some rare cases, the structure of the verb stem of some words which are derived from the present stem breaks up and an element is inserted in the middle, or one element changes to some other element(s), such as bar (بار) which is derived from the present stem bar (بر). The way the present stem of such words breaks up resembles the Arabic INFLECTIONAL process. In this article, the term INFLECTIONAL present stem has been assigned to these stems and some evidence has been presented for its structures and applications.

Objective Despite all advancements in hearing amplification, screening, and interventions, concerns still exist about the language outcomes in children with mild to severe hearing loss. The present study aimed to investigate the production of INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES, phrase, and clause structures of children with Moderately Severe Hearing Loss (MSHL) and compare with those of the children with Normal Hearing (NH). Materials & Methods The study participants were 88 NH children, aged 2-5 years, and 10 MSHL children, aged 5-6 years. They were recruited by a convenient sampling method. Speech therapists collected language samples in a free play context of the study children, and then the language samples were transcribed and segmented according to P-LARSP (language assessment, remedy, and screening procedure). Of 100 analyzable units, the speech therapists identified, allocated, and counted 14 INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES and all clause and phrase structures in each language sample. Results Children with MSHL used significantly fewer numbers of INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES (P=0. 004), verb/complement+personal pronoun (P=0. 009), and prefix/mi/as a tense marker (P=0. 025), lower mean length of morpheme/analyzable utterances (P=0. 003), higher percentages of one-word utterances (P=0. 001), and lower numbers of clause structures in stage V (P=0. 002) compared with NH children aged 4-5 years. While the types of clause structures in children with MSHL were similar to those in NH children aged 24-36 months. However, the types of produced INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES were restricted compared with all groups of children with NH. Conclusion The present study revealed that children with MSHL are behind younger children with NH in grammatical aspects of the Persian language. They used simpler clauses, limited numbers, and types of INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES, as well as clause and phrase structures, and mainly relied on one-word utterances. Continued monitoring of grammatical outcomes is warranted, considering that children who are MSHL are at increased risk for language problems.

This study tries to investigate the INFLECTIONAL structure of the word in Persian systematically by recognizing and explaining the INFLECTIONAL elements existing in the structure of the word in the language. The INFLECTIONAL elements-were classified and their locations were determined in the structure of the word which results in an understanding that these locations for any class of the INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES are valid and any change in their arrangement leads to ill- formed structures. Different types of INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES have their own unique location in the word structure and in they are not appeared, the location will remain empty structurally. This study was carried out to achieve two goals: first one is pure linguistic, to explain part of the Persian language and second one is to use its outcomes in language processing, especially in Persian Text-to-Speech (TTS) synthesis.

The present study was an attempt to investigate the INFLECTIONAL features of Taleqani dialect based on Booij's patterns (2005) in nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs and answering the question of whether the INFLECTIONAL features of Taleqani dialect fall within these rules. The research was descriptive-analytical and research contributors are twenty Taleqani speakers from the village of Kiyadeh who were in the range of 30 and 80 years and sex was disregarded. They include the illiterate and the educated. According to the research, it was found that all INFLECTIONAL features of Taleqani dialect are in the form of the patterns provided by Booij (2005). So the patterns provided by the Booij can be used as a suitable tool for defining the INFLECTIONAL features. Because this dialect, like many other dialects, is on the verge of extinction and the current speakers will be the last generation who speak this dialect, this research can be useful for next generation and those who interested in linguistics.

The aim of this paper is to study the verb borrowing of Persian based on matrix language frame model. Myers-scotton (1993-2006) proposed matrix language frame model due to eminent role of one language in the bilinguals’ speech. Only one language as matrix language determine morpho-syntactic patterns of sentences containing the elements of two languages according to uniform structure principle of matrix language frame model. The data is corpus-based and they have been collected from Persian speakers’ speech in different contexts. The research method is descriptive-analytic. At first, Persian verb and its INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES were classified into: content MORPHEMES (non-verbal elements in compound verbs and bare form of the verb in simple verbs) and late outside system morpheme (INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES of the verb and light verbs) according to differential access hypothesis or 4-M model. Then the data were analyzed based on the principles and hypothesis of matrix language frame model. Persian is matrix language in all data due to uniform structure principle of matrix language frame model. Persian acting as matrix language has caused the INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES of its verb have been added to non-Persian verbs entered Persian verb construction through light verb construction and indirect insertion process. Matrix language has caused INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES of Persian verb activated and selected at formulation level to assign Persian morpho-syntactic frame on the sentences. So non-Persian verbs have been activated and selected at conceptual level as content MORPHEMES. These content MORPHEMES are realized as infinite verbs in Persian speakers’ speech to carry meaning. It seems there is a relation between different morpheme nature (their selection at different abstract level) and their transferring to other languages. Myers-scotton (1993-2006) emphasizes this relationship. As he has predicted matrix language frame model is efficient in explaining language contact phenomenon so more expansive studies can be based on it.

The problem of Persian orthography has long been a much-debated subject and various proposals have been put forth for its modification or change. Today by the increase in the number of educated people and the expansion of the writing realm as well as technological advances and the advent of computer and internet, the urgent need for establishing and presenting precise general rules for Persian orthography is felt more than ever.In order to present a picture of the activities carried out on the modification or change of the Persian orthography, especially the measures taken by the Academy of the Persian Language and Literature as the sole official executive organization, first a short history of Persian orthography (modification and change) will be presented. Then the achievements of the three Iranian Academies will be introduced and eventually the viewpoints of some experts on a few Persian grammatical MORPHEMES will be presented supplemented with the author's suggestions.